INTRODUCTION:

Lagerstroemia lanceolata is species of tree belonging to the family Lythraceae. It has simple, broad leaves. It is a photoautotroph. It is found throughout Andhra Pradesh, India's Tirumala Hills (Chittoor District). At an elevation of 1200 meters, it can be found on the Deccan Peninsula's hills and from Bombay to Kerala¹.

MORPHOLOGY:

The smooth, greenish or yellowish white bark exfoliates in papery strips. The leaves might be widely ovate or elliptic-lanceolate. 6.2 to 10.0cm by 1.8 to 5.0cm. generally white or greyish blue, coriaceous, glabrous, and shiny above.

Little white flowers are arranged in big panicles. Seeds are winged^2,3. The roots were used to treat gastrointestinal issues as well as astringent, stimulant, and febrifuge properties. The tree's leaves were used to cure diabetes mellitus and help people lose weight. The bark, leaves, and flowers were employed as purgatives. The infusion or decoction of leaves was used to treat urinary dysfunction, dysuria, and inflammation of the kidneys and bladder. in lowering blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol. By applying the leaf poultice to the sores, it was used to treat headaches, malaria, and cracked heels. The bark infusion was used to treat sadness, hematuria, stomach aches, and gastrointestinal disorders. They utilized the seeds as drugs⁴.

The leaves of L. lanceolata has only been the subject of a few pharmacological research. So, an assessment of the pharmacological impact of leaves obtained from the L. lanceolata plant was attempted. Recent years have seen a large amount of research on the activities of many plants, especially medicinal plants. Phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids are the phytoconstituents found in the plant. It is possible to cure inflammation with some of these phytoconstituents. Phytochemicals are mostly found in plants and are responsible for many bioactivities and health benefits. They have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties^5-12. Leucocytes, macrophages, and mast cells produce a variety of signalling molecules that are involved in the complex pathophysiological process of pain. These molecules, in addition to activating complement factors, cause edema formation due to extravasation of fluid and proteins and leucocyte accumulation at the inflammatory site.Using an ethanolic extract of the leaves of L. lanceolata, the current study aims to determine the toxicity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties together^13,14.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Collection and Authentication of plant material:

The herbarium was prepared, and the plant material was authenticated by the Botanist, Dr S.S Hebbar, Govt. P.U. College, Dharwad, Karnataka. The leaves of L. lanceolata were collected from western ghats of Dandeli. The leaves were washed to eliminate dirt and other particles before drying in sunlight.

Preparation of Ethanolic Extract:

Fresh leaves of L. lanceolata wall. were collected, washed thoroughly and dried. It was made into coarse powder and subjected for extraction with 90% ethanol using refluxing method, a technique known for its efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials¹⁵. This process was repeated in triplicate to give ethanolic extract. The solvent from the extract was recovered using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The concentrate was then evaporated to a syrupy consistency and dried¹⁶.

In-vitro anti-diabetic activity:

α-amylase Inhibitory Assay:

In vitro, alpha amylase activity can be determined by hydrolyzing starch with the α-amylase enzyme present. The DNS reagent, which turns starch orange-red, was used to quantify this process. The enzyme-induced hydrolysis of starch into monosaccharide is indicated by the decreased orange color intensity. The color will be more intense if the drug or extract has α-amylase inhibitory action. Stated differently, the test sample's color intensity is closely correlated with its α-amylase inhibitory activity^17,18.This colorimetric method using DNS reagent is a widely accepted technique for screening natural inhibitors of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes¹⁹.

Using the standard solution, 0.5ml of extract (LLLE04) at various concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 µg/ml) was combined with 1ml of PBS solution in an Eppendorf tube. Next, 200µl of 0.5mg/ml α-amylase and 200µl of n5 mg/ml starch solution were added, and the mixture was incubated for 10minutes at room temperature. Amylase-containing and amylase-free starch were used as controls. After adding 400µl of DNS solution, the reaction mixture was halted by heating it in a boiling water bath for five minutes and then cooling it. Metformin was used as standard.

Glucose Uptake Assay and Estimation of Glucose by Yeast cells:

The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspended in distilled water was subjected to repeated centrifugation (3000 ×g, 5min) until clear supernatant fluids were obtained and 10% (v/v) of the suspension was prepared in distilled water. Various concentrations of extract (LLLE04) (50-250μg/ml) were taken into test tubes. To this 1 ml of glucose solution (5mM) were added, and incubated together for 10min. at 37˚C for 60min. The tubes were centrifuged (2500 ×g, 5 min) and amount of glucose was estimated in the supernatant. Metronidazole was used as standard drug²⁰.

In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity:

Protein Denaturation Assay:

Protein denaturation is the process in which protein lose their tertiary and secondary structures by applications of external stress or compound such as strong acid or base, inorganic salts or heat. Most of the biological proteins loses their biological function when denatured. Denaturation of proteins is well documented cause of inflammation. Aspirin was used as the standard drug for anti-inflammation^21-23.

In a 1.5ml of centrifuge tubes, the reaction mixture consisted of 1ml of PBS, 50µl of BSA were added and different concentrations (50,100,150,200,250µg/ml) of extract (LLLE04) and the standard solution and incubated for 15minutes at room temperature. Denaturation was induced by keeping at 70°C in hot water bath for 15minutes. Aspirin was used as standard^24,25.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Results of In-Vitro Anti-diabetic Study:

α-amylase inhibitory Assay:

Table 1. The IC₅₀ values of the extract for Alpha-amylase inhibition assay

Sample name	IC₅₀ (in µg/ml)
Std. Metformin	23.91
Extract (LLLE04)	101.53

Control	Standard/Sample
1	0.5156
2	0.5231
3	0.5123
Mean	0.517

Table 2. Results of α-amylase inhibition Assay for Metformin (Standard)

Conc. μg/ml	1	2	3	Mean ± SEM	% Inhibition ± SEM
50	0.2477	0.2316	0.2351	0.2381 ± 0.0084	54.5515 ± 0.8961
100	0.1955	0.1911	0.1992	0.1952 ± 0.0004	62.2466 ± 0.5975
150	0.1489	0.1434	0.1513	0.1478 ± 0.0040	71.4669 ± 0.6249
200	0.1188	0.1067	0.1141	0.1132 ± 0.0061	78.4656 ± 0.7412
250	0.0689	0.0755	0.0645	0.0696 ± 0.0055	86.4780 ± 1.1580

IC50 = 23.91μg/ml

Table 3. Results of α-amylase inhibitory Assay for the extract (LLLE04)

Conc. μg/ml	1	2	3	Mean ± SEM	% Inhibition ± SEM
50	0.3266	0.3368	0.3312	0.3315 ± 0.0051	35.5495 ± 1.0293
100	0.2531	0.2481	0.2574	0.2528 ± 0.0046	51.1051 ± 0.6764
150	0.1866	0.1813	0.1895	0.1858 ± 0.0041	64.1143 ± 0.6262
200	0.1481	0.1434	0.1454	0.1456 ± 0.0023	71.9881 ± 0.3599
250	0.1061	0.1114	0.1046	0.1073 ± 0.0035	79.1467 ± 0.8099

IC50 = 101.53μg/ml

(A)– Standard

(B) - Sample

Graph 1. Graph of α-Amylase Inhibition Assay by DNS Method (A)-Standard Metformin (B)-Sample

Results of Glucose Uptake Assay

Control	Standard/Sample
1	0.4768
2	0.4713
3	0.4793
Mean	0.4758

Table 4. Results of Glucose Uptake Assay of Metronidazole (Standard)

Conc. μg/ml	1	2	3	Mean ± SEM	% Estimated Glucose Uptake ± SEM
50	0.2678	0.2514	0.2632	0.2608 ± 0.0084	45.6717 ± 1.5612
100	0.2133	0.2188	0.2177	0.2166 ± 0.0029	54.2482 ± 0.5131
150	0.1631	0.1694	0.1621	0.1648 ± 0.0039	65.2266 ± 0.6539
200	0.1133	0.1184	0.1121	0.1146 ± 0.0033	75.8242 ± 0.5718
250	0.0654	0.0578	0.056	0.0597 ± 0.0049	87.8442 ± 0.2917

IC_{50 =}76.03 μg/ml

Table 5. Results of Glucose Uptake Assay of extract (LLLE04)

Conc. μg/ml	1	2	3	Mean ± SEM	% Estimated Glucose Uptake ± SEM
50	0.4368	0.439	0.4312	0.4356 ± 0.0040	8.5132 ± 0.5878
100	0.3612	0.3674	0.3693	0.3659 ± 0.0042	22.7441 ± 1.0165
150	0.3041	0.3165	0.3097	0.3101 ± 0.0062	34.4032 ± 0.8466
200	0.2188	0.2141	0.2122	0.2150 ± 0.0033	55.0693 ± 0.0835
250	0.1521	0.1586	0.159	0.1565 ± 0.0038	66.7781 ± 0.5365

IC_{50 =}191.42 μg/ml

(A)– Standard

(B) - Sample

Graph:2 Graph of Glucose Uptake Assay (A)-Standard (Metronidazole) (B)-Sample

Results of In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity:

Protein Denaturation Assay:

Table 6. The IC₅₀ values of Standard and sample for Anti-Inflammatory activity Protein Denaturation Method.

Sample name	IC₅₀ (in µg/ml)
Std	78.53
Sample	177.07

Control	Standard/Sample
1	0.4889
2	0.4831
3	0.4914
Mean	0.4878

Table 7. Results of Protein Denaturation Assay of Aspirin (Standard)

Conc. μg/ml	1	2	3	Mean ± SEM	% Estimated glucose ± SEM
50	0.2867	0.2751	0.2845	0.2809 ± 0.0082	42.8044 ± 1.6790
100	0.2141	0.2193	0.2215	0.2183 ± 0.0038	54.9568 ± 0.7310
150	0.1566	9.1589	0.1511	0.1555 ± 0.0040	68.1900 ± 0.6274
200	0.1186	0.1095	0.1122	0.1134 ± 0.0046	77.0980 ± 0.4428
250	0.0578	0.0655	0.0521	0.0584 ± 0.0067	87.9733 ± 1.3111

IC₅₀ = 78.53 μg/ml

Table 8. Results of Protein Denaturation Assay of extract (LLLE04)

Conc. μg/ml	1	2	3	Mean ± SEM	% Inhibition ± SEM
50	0.4119	0.4167	0.4221	0.4169 ± 0.0051	14.1851 ± 1.3637
100	0.3493	0.3387	0.3426	0.3435 ± 0.0053	29.9653 ± 0.8266
150	0.2651	0.2591	0.2543	0.2595 ± 0.0054	47.1853 ± 0.1787
200	0.2155	0.2166	0.2183	0.2168 ± 0.0014	55.4634 ± 0.5710
250	0.1543	0.1513	0.1673	0.1576 ± 0.0085	67.4480 ± 1.8868

IC₅₀ = 177.07 μg/ml

(A) – Standard

(B) – Sample

Graph 3. Graph of Protein Denaturation Inhibition Assay (A)-Standard Aspirin (B)-Sample

The results of the In-vitro anti-diabetic activity revealed that the ethanolic extract (LLLE) ^{exhibited inhibition of α-amylase activity in dose
dependent manner.}^{LLLE exhibited IC}50 ^{value of 101.53μg/ml as compared to standard Metformin (IC}50 ^{value=23.91μg/ml). The %}of glucose uptake assay in yeast cells revealed that LLLE and standard drug metronidazole at 250μg/ml exhibited maximum % glucose uptake of 67.09% and 87.44% respectively. ^{LLLE has revealed IC}50 ^{value 191.42 μg/ml
while standard Metronidazole exhibited IC}50 ^{value of 76.03μg/ml. In-Vitro
anti-inflammatory activity revealed that LLLE showed IC}50 ^{value 177.07μg/ml as compared to
standard aspirin (IC}50^{=78.53μg/ml) which exhibited}moderate protein denaturation activity.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the findings from the in-vitro pharmacological screening and phenolic estimation of Lagerstroemia lanceolata significantly underscore its potential as a valuable natural resource for health. The high concentration of phenolic compounds identified in this medicinal plant suggests that it possesses considerable antioxidant and therapeutic properties, which can contribute to various health benefits. The observed pharmacological activities—including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects—further support its traditional uses and provide a scientific basis for future research and applications.

Given the increasing interest in natural products as alternatives to synthetic medications, Lagerstroemia lanceolata represents a promising candidate for further investigation and development. Future studies should focus on isolating specific bioactive compounds and elucidating their mechanisms of action, as well as conducting in vivo studies to assess their efficacy and safety. Ultimately, this research not only highlights the importance of exploring natural resources in drug development but also emphasizes the potential of Lagerstroemia lanceolata as a source of health-promoting agents that can contribute to holistic healthcare solutions. Flavonoids and phenolic content found in L.lanceolata plant can be used as a raw material to create low-toxic, efficient preventive medications^26-35.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

I would like to thank Dr. Himanshu Joshi for helping with the conceptualization, methodology, and text revision. Additionally recognized is Graphic Era Hill University, which provided the necessary resources and facilities.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

There is no conflict of Interest.

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Received on 13.05.2025 Revised on 17.09.2025

Accepted on 20.12.2025 Published on 20.05.2026

Available online from May 25, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(5):2133-2138.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00307

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